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Ferrous Sulfate |
Ferrous sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula FeSO4(H2O)x, where x can range from 0 - 7. In the dry solid form, it is commonly known as copperas. It is one of several iron supplements used to treat and prevent iron deficiency and the resulting anemia.
Composition and Properties
It consists of ferrous ions (Fe2+) bonded to sulfate in a monoclinic
crystalline structure. It is usually sold as the heptahydrate iron (II) sulfate
monohydrate FeSO4·7H2O, which appears as a white or greenish-white crystalline
powder. The powder is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the
air. It is soluble in water and its solutions have an acidic reaction. When
heated, iron (II) sulfate decomposes, leaving iron(III) oxide. Chemically, it
is classified as an ionic salt.
Uses of Iron (II) sulfate
Iron (II) sulfate is primarily used as an iron supplement for correcting iron
deficiency and treating iron-deficiency anemia. This occurs when the body does
not have enough iron to produce hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen. Signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia include fatigue,
weakness, pale skin, headaches, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Iron (II)
sulfate supplements or medicinal formulations provide bioavailable Ferrous Sulfate
that can be absorbed in the digestive tract and utilized by the body. It is
considered safe and has been used for this purpose for many decades. It is
commonly available over-the-counter as tablets or capsules that are taken one
or more times daily, usually with food to aid absorption.
Some other uses of iron (II) sulfate include its application as a coagulating
agent in water treatment plants. It is added to raw water to facilitate the
removal of solid impurities and suspended particles by clumping them together.
Iron (II) sulfate also finds use as a nutritive agent in plant fertilizers. As
an iron supplement, it supports chlorophyll formation and power plant
metabolism in crops.
Nutritional Information and Absorption
Each iron (II) sulfate tablet or capsule typically contains 65 milligrams of
elemental iron. At this amount, it provides 30% of the recommended daily value
of 18 milligrams of iron for adult men and post-menopausal women. For
pre-menopausal women, children, and pregnant/breastfeeding women, the
recommended daily iron intake is higher.
Ferrous sulfate absorption takes place primarily in the duodenum region of the
small intestine. It is absorbed more easily when taken with food, as certain
compounds like vitamin C can enhance absorption. Factors like tea or calcium
intake with meals may inhibit its absorption. It reaches peak levels in blood
plasma around 2 hours after oral ingestion.
Side Effects
Minor side effects associated with iron (II) sulfate supplementation include
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal discomfort, and black or
dark stools. Sometimes inflammation of the stomach lining can also occur. To
minimize gastrointestinal side effects, it is advised to take it with meals and
to start with lower doses that are gradually increased.
Prolonged daily intake of more than 150 milligrams per day may cause
hemosiderosis, an excessive accumulation of iron in body tissues which can
damage organs. This is usually not a problem when taking iron (II) sulfate at
recommended daily doses for medicinal purposes under medical guidance. However,
megadoses should always be avoided.
Allergic reactions involving itching or rashes may sometimes occur due to iron
(II) sulfate intake. If side effects persist or become severe despite lowered
dosages, it's best to consult a healthcare provider for guidance or to consider
alternative iron supplements. Prolonged overdose can potentially be
life-threatening.
Dosing and Precautions
Iron (II) sulfate supplemental dosing depends on the concentration and intended
use. The standard therapeutic dose for iron-deficiency anemia treatment or
prevention is 65 milligrams of elemental iron taken daily, which equates to 325
mg of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. This provides adequate absorption when
taken with meals to compensate for iron losses. Higher doses may be used under
medical advice when iron deficiency is more severe.
It should not be taken in over the counter doses exceeding 150 milligrams per
day except based on a healthcare practitioner's recommendation. Pregnant or
breastfeeding women should consult their doctor before use. Iron (II) sulfate
can interact with some medications like antibiotics so it's important to check
with a pharmacist regarding any drug interactions. Proper absorption also
depends on dietary factors so a healthy balanced diet is recommended.
Ferrous sulfate is a highly effective inorganic iron supplement used globally
to treat iron-deficiency anemia. When taken as a medicinal supplement at
recommended daily doses with meals, it is generally well tolerated and safe.
Its affordable availability in both prescription and over-the-counter forms has
made iron (II) sulfate a mainstay in both developing and developed nations for
addressing iron-deficiency related health issues for many decades. _
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